A Manuscript Without a History

Beinecke MS 408 has attracted more speculative commentary per page than almost any other document in the Western manuscript tradition. The commentary, taken as a whole, is not particularly useful. What the manuscript has attracted rather less of is careful attention to what its documentary record actually establishes — and what it does not. That is the subject of this and several subsequent articles.

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A Register Without an Owner

Sometime in the seventeenth century, someone wrote a short note on a piece of vellum, folded it once, and placed it with a collection of documents it did not belong to. The note has been in the Moravian Land Archive in Brno since at least the nineteenth century. Nobody has identified who wrote it, where, or why.

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The Jerusalem Theory and Its Problems

The popular account of medieval cathedral labyrinths runs as follows. After Jerusalem fell to Saladin in 1187, pilgrimage to the Holy Land became impossible or dangerous for most European Christians. The Church responded by constructing symbolic substitutes — labyrinths in cathedral naves, called chemins de Jérusalem, roads to Jerusalem. Penitents walked them, sometimes on their knees, as a proxy for the actual journey. The centre represented the Holy City. The path represented the long road to get there.

This account is coherent. It has the further advantage of being emotionally satisfying in a way that makes it easy to repeat. It has one problem: it is not documented.

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The Number Beyond the Count

When Judas Iscariot left the apostolic circle — whether at the moment of the betrayal or earlier in the narrative, depending on which gospel’s chronology one follows — there was a period, however brief, during which the circle stood at eleven. The urgency with which Acts moved to correct this tells us, without ambiguity, why the number twelve was never incidental.

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The Labyrinths They Destroyed

Six cathedral labyrinths were removed from French churches between 1690 and the 1820s. In most cases, the reason given was the same: children were playing on them during services and disturbing the liturgy. This is probably true. It is also, as explanations go, worth sitting with. These objects had been in their cathedrals for four or five centuries before the canons decided they were furniture.

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